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Jan 1 Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand.

Jab 3 Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.

Jan 12 Indonesia's Army confirms that it has begun operations in Dutch New Guinea (West Irian).

Jan 18 The U.S. tries to help the Saigon regime by spraying foliage with pesticide to reveal the whereabouts of Vietcong guerrillas.

Jan 20 In Malaya it is announced that men with four wives will receive no tax relief.

Jan 23 The British spy Kim Philby defects to the Soviet Union.

Feb 10 In Berlin, former U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is exchanged for the Soviet spy, Rudolf Abel.

Feb 20 Lt. Colonel John Glenn becomes the first U.S. citizen to orbit the earth.

Feb 3 Employing the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 President Kennedy bans trade with Cuba except for food and medicines.

Mar 1 The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Deputy Defense Sec. Roswell Gilpatric have approved a plan to "lure or provoke Castro, or an uncontrollable subordinate, into an overt hostile reaction against the US."

Mar 2 In Burma General Ne Win ends democracy with a military coup. He announces the pursuit of the "Burmese way to socialism" and the creation of a military Revolutionary Council to be based on Buddhism.

Mar 10 The New York Times reports that Japan is sending skilled men and investment funds to most of the nations of Asia.

March 15 In a session of the United Nations Security Council the Soviet Union's representative asserts that the United States "is openly preparing within its own armed forces units of mercenaries to engage in a new intervention against Cuba."

Mar 17 The Soviet Union asks the United States to remove its military personnel from South Vietnam.

Mar 18 After seven and a half years of war, negotiations have produced a declared armistice in Algeria - the Évian Accords. Algerians are permitted to continue freely circulating between their country and France for work. Europeans in Algeria remain French citizens, with guaranteed freedom of religion and property rights, but thousands are bitter toward de Gaulle and begin leaving Algeria for France.

Mar 22 FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, talks with President Kennedy about telephone calls between the President and Judith Exner, calls Exner had made to Kennedy from the home of mobster Sam Giancana. Kennedy ends phone conversations with Exner.

Mar 25 Republican political strategists launch a campaign to label Democratic Party liberals in Congress as advocates of international surrender.

Apr 15 The Kennedy administration is afraid that opposition to Indonesia's demands concerning Dutch New Guinea might push Indonesia toward Communism. It urges the Dutch to negotiate a transfer of power in New Guinea to Indonesia.

Apr 16 Walter Cronkite succeeds Douglas Edwards at "The CBS Evening News."

Apr 16 Senator Barry Goldwater accuses the Kennedy Administration of attempting to "socialize the business of this country."

Apr 30 In the United States, Under Secretary of State George W. Ball predicts that the war against the Communists in South Vietnam will be a "long, slow, arduous" struggle of a type that is not "congenial to the American temperament."

May 2 The Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) continues its opposition to Algerian independence by a terrorist bomb attack in Algeria, which kills 110 and injures 147.

May 14 In Yugoslavia, President Tito's old comrade in arms and would be successor, Milovan Djilas, in recent years a dissident but still describing himself as a communist, has his prison term extended for having sneaked his book Conversations with Stalin to a publisher.

May 2 In France, the founder of the OAS, former general, Raoul Salan, is sentenced to life imprisonment.

May 24 In Lima, Peru, an unpopular ruling in a soccer match leads to a riot and panic that leaves 300 dead and over 500 injured.

May 30 Premier Cyrille Adoula of the Congo and President Moise Tshombe of Katanga Province announced an agreement on integrating the Katanga gendarmerie into the Congolese Army under the auspices of the United Nations.

May 31 The Israelis hang Adolf Eichmann.

Jun 1 Lee Harvey Oswald, his Russian wife and daughter, leave the Soviet Union for the United States.

Jun 30 The last of the French Foreign Legion leaves Algeria.

Jul 1 Rwanda and Burundi gain independence from Belgium.

Jul 1 In Algeria 99 percent vote in favor of independence.

Jul 17 The last atomic bomb is tested above ground in Nevada.

Jul 21 President Moise Tshombe of Katanga denounces UN Secretary General U Thant describing him and his government as "a bunch of clowns."

Jul 31 Algeria becomes officially independence from France.

Aug 3 "Battle-hardened" Australian "jungle fighters" arrive in South Vietnam to teach anti-guerrilla tactics.

Aug 5 Actress Marilyn Monroe is found dead, apparently from an overdose of sleeping pills.

Aug 5 In South Africa, Nelson Mandela has been in hiding and politically active for seventeen months. He is found, arrested and charged with incitement to rebellion.

Aug 6 Jamaica becomes independent of Britain.

Aug 15 Indonesian and Dutch negotiators have agreed on Indonesia control over Dutch New Guinea beginning in May, 1963. The agreement stipulates that within six years the Papuans will be free to decide between Indonesian control and independence. Papuans were expecting the independence that the Dutch had promised them, and they are angry.

Aug 20 Pakistan has been asked by the United Nations to provide a military force to keep order in Dutch New Guinea.

Aug 22 Members of the OAS attempt to assassinate President de Gaulle - to be portrayed in the book and film Day of the Jackal.

Aug 24 From a speedboat, Cuban refugees fire weapons at a Havana hotel.

Aug 24 The Fourth Asian Games start in Jakarta. Despite rules of the Asian Games Federation, Indonesia's government has refused visas for the Israeli and Taiwanese delegations, the government succumbing to pressure from Arab countries and the People's Republic of China.

Aug 31 The islands of Trinidad and Tobago become independent of Britain and together form a republic.

Sep 2 The Soviet Union believes that the U.S. intends to attack Cuba. It agrees with Cuba to send arms to deter an attack.

Sep 3 The Fourth Asian Games end with Indonesians booing India's athletes, its flag and national anthem.

Sep 16 Britain is planning independence for the remainder of its empire in Southeast Asia. It creates Malaysia by combining Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo.

Sep 19 Yemen's monarch, Imam Ahmad, dies at the age of 71.

Sep 21 Border fighting erupts again between China and India.

Sep 26 In the U.S. Congress anger rises against the Soviet Union's plans to build a fishing port in Cuba.

Sep 26 In Yemen, the 35-year-old heir of Imam Ahmad is assassinated in his palace by a military faction, which proclaims a "free republic."

Sep 27 Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring begins to sell. It is to stimulate an environmentalist movement.

Sep 28 The new regime in Yemen executes ten former government officials.

Sep 29 Egypt (the United Arab Republic) recognizes the Republic of Yemen.

Sep 30 Khrushchev invites Kennedy to visit the Soviet Union.

Oct 1 Escorted by Federal Marshals, James Meredith becomes the first black to register at the University of Mississippi.

Oct. 7 According to Egyptian radio, Yemeni troops and planes are fighting a "pitched battle" against Saudi Arabian forces on Yemen's northern frontier.

Oct 8 Algeria becomes a member of the United Nations.

Oct 9 Uganda becomes independent of Britain and chooses to be a member of the Commonwealth.

Oct 10 The New York Times correspondent, David Halberstam, reports that In a Vietnamese village, Communist guerrillas have thrown a party for local people and served food, tea and weapons.

Oct 11 Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council in 92 years, called Vatican II.

Oct 14 The Soviet Union's long-range missiles are ineffective. There has been no missile-gap. Khrushchev has effective "medium range" missiles and has decided to put them in Cuba. A U-2 flight over Cuba takes photos of Soviet nuclear weapons being installed.

Oct 16 President Kennedy is informed of the missiles in Cuba.

Oct 19 The Cuban Missile Crisis begins. Air Force chief of staff General Curtis LeMay argues that the blocking Cuba and political talks without accompanying military action will lead to war, that the Soviet Union will not move against West Berlin if we act in Cuba but will so move if we fail to act. He concludes, "I just don't see any other solution except direct military intervention right now."

Oct 22 Senate leaders have called for air strikes against Cuba. Kennedy has decided on an arms blockade. A broadcast from Moscow says that unusual activity in Washington indicates that the United States "once again [is] raising its armed fist over Cuba." Kennedy tells the public that "Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island." In the Soviet Union and Cuba there is objection to the missile sites being described as offensive.

Oct 23 Khrushchev's quick response to the appeal by British philosopher Bertrand Russell is welcomed by the British government as a sign that the Soviet Union will back away from a showdown over Cuba.

Oct 24 Soviet ships on their way to Cuba receive radio orders to hold their position. Talking with his advisors, Kennedy says that if the U.S. invades Cuba within the next ten days, some of the missiles in Cuba will likely be fired at U.S. targets. He asks about evacuating people from cities a few days before the invasion. He is told that cities provide the best protection against radiation. Talking alone with his brother Robert, Kennedy entertains the idea that Khrushchev is trying to influence the Congressional Elections just a couple of weeks away.

Oct 25 The U.S. aircraft carrier Essex hails the Soviet tanker Bucharest. The tanker's hatches are too small to accommodate missiles and the ship claims that it is now carrying cargo quarantined by the U.S. The Essex allows the Bucharest to proceed to Cuba, but it is shadowed by a U.S. destroyer.

Oct 26 Castro cables Khrushchev, urging a nuclear strike against the U.S. in the event of an invasion of Cuba. Khrushchev sends a note to Kennedy offering to withdraw missiles from Cuba if the U.S. closes its military bases in Turkey.

Oct 27 A SAM missile shoots down a U-2 aircraft over Cuba. The U.S. pilot is killed. Kennedy decides against ordering an attack on the missile site but agrees to strike at all SAM missile sites if any more U.S. airplanes are attacked. Discussing Khrushchev's proposal concerning Turkey, Kennedy complains that "last year we tried to get the missiles out of there because they were not militarily useful." General Taylor reports that the Joint Chiefs of Staff want an air strike against Cuba no later than the morning of the 29th unless there is irrefutable evidence that the missiles are being dismantled.

Oct 28 Kennedy promises Khrushchev not to invade Cuba and Khrushchev agrees to the removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Oct 29 Many in the world are happy to be alive.

Oct 30 Khrushchev writes to Castro: "Had we, yielding to the sentiments prevailing among the people, allowed ourselves to be carried away by certain passionate sectors of the population and refused to come to a reasonable agreement with the U.S. government, then a war could have broken out, in the course of which millions of people would have died and the survivors would have pinned the blame on the leaders for not having taken all the necessary measures to prevent that war of annihilation."

Nov 1 As promised, the Soviet Union begins dismantling their missiles in Cuba.

Nov 4 Halberstam reports that Communist guerrillas consider the mountainous territory north of Saigon as their own and that the Saigon regime's military officers tend to agree.

Nov 4 The kingdoms of Jordan and Saudi Arabia are supporting the royalist forces in Yemen. Egypt is assisting Yemen's republican forces.

Nov 5 Saudi Arabia breaks diplomatic relations with Egypt.

Nov 6 The U.N. General Assembly calls for member states to end military and economic ties with South Africa.

Nov 9 A fifth Saudi Arabian prince has joined his brothers in exile in Egypt. They have renounced their titles and have pledged to work for a "free Saudi Arabia."

Nov 11 Royalist forces in Yemen claim to have killed 250 Egyptian soldiers.

Nov 20 Fifty U.S. helicopters carry Saigon troops on an operation against what has been regarded as a Communist sanctuary.

Nov 21 China agrees to a cease-fire on India-China border. At the U.N. the Soviet Union agrees to withdraw bomber aircraft from Cuba. Kennedy ends the arms quarantine against Cuba

Dec 2 On a trip to Vietnam, Senator Mike Mansfield of Montana reports that U.S. money given to Diem's government is being squandered. He is pessimistic about U.S. involvement there and recommends avoiding further involvement.

Dec 8 In Britain's colony Brunei an army backed by Indonesia rebels. The Sultan of Brunei escapes. The army seizes oil fields and takes European hostages. In the evening, British and Gurkha troops arrive from Singapore.

Dec 9 Tanganyika becomes independent of British rule and a republic within the Commonwealth.

Dec 16 In Brunei, the British claim to occupy all major rebel centers.

Dec 19 The United States recognizes the Republic of Yemen.

Dec 21 Juan Bosch, a 53-year-old novelist and political science professor, is elected president of the Dominican Republic by a vast margin.

Dec 24 Cuba exchanges 1,113 participants in the Bay of Pigs invasion for $53 million worth of food.

Dec 30 UN troops take over the last of the rebel positions in Katanga Province. Moise Tshombe, moves to South Rhodesia.